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Millie's First Worst Job

Millie's First Worst Job

Milicent Washburn Shinn, c. 1870s-1880s, Shinn House Archive.


In May 1875, 17-year-old Milicent "Millie" Shinn was cramming (1) for her freshman year final exams at the State University (now UC Berkeley). Millie was admitted to the university in 1874, just four years after women were first permitted entry in 1870 (2). Education was very important to the Shinns: Both her parents, James and Lucy, were teachers at one time, and all three of her siblings who survived to adulthood attended at least some classes at UC Berkeley. Millie was enrolled in the Classical course in the College of Letters, meaning that her finals would have included things like composition in and translation of Latin, algebra and geometry problems, and knowledge of ancient and modern world history (3).


So when Millie opened a letter from her mother Lucy and started reading, I can imagine the sinking sensation in her stomach: "No way to keep you at the University…" (4). 

Excerpt from Lucy Shinn's letter to daughter Milicent, May 1875, Shinn House Archive.

"Papa said I should not have said to you that we saw no way to keep you at the University now when you were preparing for examination and perhaps I ought not, but I did as I would be done by, and in many things I think anything is better than suspense. Don't you?"

Millie's father and uncle had started a horticultural nursery business just a few years before in 1871 (5), and money was tight while the business was growing. James and Lucy had been borrowing from family to make ends meet. And while UC Berkeley’s tuition was free at the time, food and board was not, and textbooks were expensive (even back then!).

Shinn’s Nurseries catalog for the years 1878-1879.

There was a gap in the Lucy Letters between about June and September 1875, suggesting Millie was home in Niles for her summer vacation. When the letters resume, Millie was not in Berkeley, but in Red Bluff—and it sounded like things had already gone sideways.

In trying to piece together what exactly happened in Red Bluff, I ran across letters from her mentor Professor Edward Rowland Sill, as well as a series of newspaper articles discussing the whole scandal. Here’s the story, as best as I can figure it:

Millie was taking what we might now call a “gap year.” Her parents couldn’t financially support her education, so she went about doing the next best thing: getting her teaching certificate, so that she could start saving up money herself. After passing the teaching exam in Oakland in September 1875 (6), she was granted a First Grade City Certificate (7).

At the same time, the public school up in Red Bluff was in a predicament: One of the teachers notified the school on September 6th (the first day of class) that she would not be able to take the position (8). The Board of Trustees scrambled to find a replacement (9). They wrote to the California State Normal School (10) and the State University, asking if they knew of any good teachers who could take on the First Intermediate Department (11) on such short notice. 

Professor Sill was eventually consulted, and I’m sure Millie was one of the first candidates that came to mind: not only was she bright (12), but she was also looking for a job! He recommended Millie for the position, she accepted, and in short order she was on her way to Red Bluff, a country town about 200 miles north of her family’s ranch. Millie arrived in Red Bluff sometime in early to mid-September and “took charge” of the class.

Red Bluff public school on Lincoln St., c. 1890. (Not where Millie taught, as it was built in 1888, but I have yet to find a pictures of the school that would have been standing in 1875.) Courtesy of California State University, Chico’s Meriam Library. 

Things were rough from the start. Professor Sill’s letters to Millie in mid-September mentioned her going through a “breaking-in” period with her class, predicting it would take her a month or two to “[get] order established” (13). Letters from her parents alluded to a “tussle” with some students, leading to the expulsion of one of the male pupils (14). The overall environment sounded hostile. Near the end of September 1875, things were at their worst. Professor Sill even coded some of their correspondence, using the Greek alphabet to phonetically spell out English words, primarily related to advice surrounding her difficult-sounding Principal, Mr. C. G. Tarbell (who he called “μιστερ ‘uατs-‘ιs-ναμ [Mister What’s-His-Name]”). He advised her to “appeal to his muscular power to punish the bad boys. If x or y is turbulent, or impudent, or disobedient, note down his name, + after school send him to be appealed to through his afferent nerves” (15).

Her father James wrote her with encouragement, sympathizing with her difficulties in classroom management by reminiscing on his (short) teaching career (16):

"I have taught such schools as you now have until I was quite sick of them. Perhaps half a dozen little numskulls of both sexes trying, or rather not trying to learn the Alphabet. I have occasionally had a pupil who did not learn the Alphabet in 6 weeks. I suppose it is the duty of teachers to drill such very frequently, + to vary the tactics, until the Awful A. B. C. is mastered, + then there is fair sailing.

Do you find any difficulty in keeping order in school? I always found this difficult, whilst your Mama as a teacher, as you may suppose, was noted for her good government—mild, firm, steady. All her pupils loved her + yielded ready obedience. Not so your Papa. He had excellent order in his schools for a week or so, but bye + bye the reins got slack little by little, + could not be fully recovered."

***

The first newspaper article I ran across about the situation did not paint Millie in a flattering light: the Red Bluff Sentinel wrote that after just two weeks of teaching, she was “found to be wholly incompetent to conduct the school” (17). The school trustees apparently felt it was better to let her go and hire a man who had recently arrived from Illinois, Mr. Charles H. Merchant, to take over for her. Millie was advised by the Trustees that she could either resign or be fired. She chose to resign, which she did on October 1st (a Friday) and by October 4th (a Monday), Mr. Merchant had taken over the class (18).

According to the Sentinel, Mr. Merchant held not one, but two! first grade county certificates and “was highly recommended as a competent teacher” (19). And if the paper was to be believed (as I did at the time), the Trustees, students, and parents had all been perfectly satisfied with his teaching abilities since.

However, there was one slight hitch: Mr. Merchant didn’t have a valid teaching license in California. As the Trustees knew this when they hired him, they had violated California Political Code Section 1860, which meant the school would have to forfeit its county and state funding (20).

Schitt's Creek, CBC. giphy.

Yikes.

As a result, one of the Trustees, Col. E. J. Lewis–who just so happened to have been recently elected to the California State Senate–proposed a bill that would grant Mr. Merchant a teaching certificate.

While the Sentinel seemed to be in favor of the move, other local newspapers were outraged. In December 1875 and January 1876, multiple papers published scathing opinion pieces about the bill, declaring that it was a waste of the legislature’s time and of taxpayers’ money; that it set a dangerous precedent; and that it was an insult to all the perfectly qualified (and appropriately licensed) teachers in California (21). In spite of its almost unanimous unpopularity among publications at that time (22), a slightly altered bill was eventually passed (after rules were suspended, shutting down any questions) on December 22, 1875 (23). Thus the Tehama County Superintendent of Public Schools was permitted to dole out salaries to the five teachers at the Red Bluff school (24), even the one without a valid teaching license.

I’m Just a (Jobbery) Bill. Source: Schoolhouse Rock.

Some papers suggested this was an example of corrupt “jobbery” (25). The Tehama Tocsin alleged that Mr. Merchant was a close personal friend of the Principal of the Red Bluff school, C. G. Tarbell, and that they conspired with the Trustees to get rid of Millie so they could hire Mr. Merchant.

Not only that, but the Tocsin claimed to have spoken with a member of the County Board of Examiners, and apparently the Sentinel left something out: You see, I’d assumed Mr. Merchant hadn’t taken the teaching exam due to his recent arrival in California–but oh no, he did take the exam–and (allegedly) failed spectacularly (26):

“As an example of his qualifications we submit the following: At the last session of the Board of Examination he applied to be examined. Taking 100 as the standard he received these credits: Arithmetic, 47; grammar, 62; spelling, 60; philosophy, 27; natural history, 16. At this stage of the proceedings, finding that he could not secure the necessary 75 per cent., he withdrew indignant and complained of the injustice of the Board!”

 Additionally, the Tocsin reported that they were “reliably informed that the young lady [Millie] who was so summarily disposed of is not only very intelligent and an excellent teacher but that she holds a first grade State certificate” (27). That sounds more like our Millie!


Knowing how biased and unreliable the newspapers were at the time (though not much has changed with our news media today bah-dum-tss), I’m sure that the reality was somewhere in between the two extremes. 

On the one hand, Principal Tarbell would leave the school abruptly just a few months later in April 1876, reportedly to “attend the sick bed of his dying wife” (28). However, the Sentinel noted after his sudden departure that while he was “well fitted for the position so far as education was concerned,” he had a “too strong love for the ardent and hoodlum inclinations” and should have been let go within the first month (29).

On the other hand, I’m sure Millie was overwhelmed: this was her first job! She was thrown in amongst the sharks (i.e., children), with what sounds like a very difficult class—not to mention she was still basically a child herself! And though she was very intelligent, there is a very big difference between having the knowledge and being able to effectively communicate this knowledge to children in a way they find engaging.

***

In the end, it sounded like Millie may have found another position, either as an assistant for the youngest students at the Red Bluff school in the Primary Department or perhaps another position altogether. Letters from Professor Sill and Millie’s mother both mention Cottonwood, which was only about 17 miles north of Red Bluff (30). She remained up north until the end of the term and returned home for Christmas. By mid-January 1876, she was already installed in another school, this time much closer to home, in “Haywards” (aka Hayward, CA) (31).

Lucy must have been relieved to have Millie within reach again. In one letter (32), written while Millie was still in Tehama County, Lucy said,
“Did I say I wished you might be homesick. Well I am severely punished, but remember, what I said was that I wished you might be homesick just 5 minutes and never be homesick again as long as you lived.”
Professor Sill saw the bright side to the whole nightmare—the experience would give her very useful “insight into ‘folks,’” from which she could draw inspiration for her future stories (33): 
“Those will all be firstrate matters for a novel, some day. Red Bluff is likely to be of more pecuniary profit that way than in any other. You shall get characters out of Tarbell + Col. L that will be worth more dollars than they ever rec’d or gave in school salaries. And so the whirligig of Time will bring about his revenges.”
Millie was back at UC Berkeley for her sophomore year in 1876-1877. Shockingly, this difficult experience with teaching didn’t turn Millie away from education completely. Following her graduation from UC Berkeley in 1880, she lucked into a teaching position in her hometown, Niles. Again, as with Red Bluff, the teacher previously hired for the position was unable to take the school. The Oakland Tribune wrote, “It may prove in the end to be fortunate for Niles, as no young lady around here is better fitted than Miss Shinn, who is a graduate of Berkeley and very accomplished” (34). She taught for another year or two, before taking on chief editorship of the literary magazine, the Overland Monthly, in 1882 (35). She would remain working at the Overland, desperately trying to keep it afloat and relevant, until 1894, when she decided to step down to pursue further education. She returned to her alma mater UC Berkeley, and became the first woman to receive a PhD from UC Berkeley, in 1898. Her dissertation, Notes on the Development of a Child, was based on the detailed observations she made of her niece's physical, mental, and emotional development over the first three years of her life.

But that’s a story for another time. We’ll end with James’ conclusion about the whole Red Bluff ordeal (36):

Letter from James Shinn to his daughter Milicent, October 21, 1875. Washington Township Museum of Local History.
“Well, you are plunging early, into the realities of life. All have to learn sooner or later (all whom God will use for good) ‘Life is real + earnest’ and not [a] bed of roses.”

 Reminded me a bit of something Calvin’s dad in Calvin and Hobbes always said: “It builds character” (37). Typical dads.

Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson for January 2, 1989.

Until next time...

***

Author's Note

This post was a rabbit hole that never ends (38). Each time I sat down to finish it, I somehow ran across yet another oblique reference to the situation, and then I would be left trying to figure out how to fit this new piece into what I thought was a finished puzzle.

Along the way, as I’ve been looking for articles of interest, I have been having a lot of fun correcting the often unintelligible OCR of newspapers on the California Digital Newspaper Collection (yes, I am aware I am a nerd). Sometimes I’ll go out of my way to correct names of people and places that get transcribed into gibberish, like a cat fell asleep on the keyboard (see below). It’s a small way to pay it forward to future researchers.

All that to say, the California Digital Newspaper Collection tracks how many lines of text you correct and has a leaderboard–I’m ranked number 182 out of 5,025 text correctors! Just need to correct 3,174,784 more lines of text to catch up to the current leader! 🤪 ↩

. -y --r'■ '"W.,/. 1 ■ _ ■■; t . ***,/ . = Lost.

Notes

1. Yes, the Victorians crammed for exams too! Lucy wrote, “Now Millie don’t cram too much for examination. It is not a healthful process for body or mind and you are infinitely dearer to us than any honours you could possibly win”; Lucy Ellen Shinn to Milicent Washburn Shinn, May 1875, Shinn House Archive. [To view all the letters from Lucy relating to Millie’s time in Red Bluff, see Archive.org.] Cramming was even addressed (and cautioned against) in the July 1875 issue of the California Teacher (“the official organ of the Department of Public Instruction”). ↩


3. “College of Letters. Classical Course,” in Register of the University of California, 1874-1875, by University of California Berkeley (University of California Press, 1875), 96–101. ↩


5. Milicent W. Shinn, “The Shinn Nursery Company,” February 14, 1936, Washington Township Museum of Local History Archive. ↩


7. From everything I've been able to find, teaching certificates were graded similarly to schools at the time: a teacher holding a First Grade Certificate was able to teach the upper grades, while one holding a Third Grade Certificate was only qualified to teach the younger students in the Primary Department. That same year, as of November 1, 1875, Millie was listed as holding a First Grade State Certificate (Ezra S. Carr, “Sixth Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of California, for the School Years 1874 and 1875,” 1875.) ↩

8. “The Red Bluff Public School will commence on the first Monday in September [i.e., September 6, 1875], with Mr. C. G. Tarbell as Principal, and Miss Crothers as Intermediate teachers, who are to fill the remaining departments we are not informed”; “Brief Items,” Sentinel (Red Bluff), August 21, 1875, California Digital Newspaper Collection; “That School Bill,” Sentinel, January 1, 1876, California Digital Newspaper Collection. ↩


10. As opposed to the State Abby Normal School? [In reality, a normal school is a college that trains teachers.] ↩

Mel Brooks, Young Frankenstein, 1974.

11. Grade order back then is still confusing to me. From what I have been able to find (e.g., “Statistical Summaries,” California Teacher, October 1875), there were four levels of school at the time, from Primary (the youngest students; for added confusion, these were sometimes called Third Grade schools), to Intermediate (Second Grade schools), to Grammar and High School (First Grade Schools). During the 1875-1876 school year, counties received school funding based on the number of census children between the ages five and seventeen (Carr, “Sixth Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction...,” 1875). I haven't been able to find a clear breakdown of typical ages of students by grade, but based on all of this, I would guess the students in Millie's class would have been pre-teens? So just a few years younger than Millie herself! ↩

12.  In 1874, Millie graduated at the top of her class at Oakland High School (“A Literary Jubilee,” Oakland Daily Transcript, May 30, 1874, San Francisco Chronicle Historical Archive), along with Anna Head, who later co-founded the Head-Royce School in Berkeley CA, in 1887. (Anna Head is another fascinating and inspirational woman in her own right!) Both Millie and Anna would also receive the highest scores on their UC Berkeley entrance exam just a few months later (“University Matters,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 27, 1874, sec. Across the Bay, San Francisco Chronicle Historical Archive). ↩

13. Edward Rowland Sill to Milicent Washburn Shinn, September 18, 1875, Edward Rowland Sill Letters, 1862-1937, Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley; Sill to Shinn, September 26, 1875. ↩


15. i.e., get whipped, as corporal punishment was very common back then. For example, this morbid joke in the July 10, 1875 issue of the Alameda County Independent: “A schoolboy being asked by the teacher how he should flog him, replied: ‘If you please, sir, I should like to have it on the Italian system–the heavy stroke upwards, and the down one light’”; Sill to Shinn, September 26, 1875. ↩

16. James Shinn to Milicent Washburn Shinn, October 21, 1875, Washington Township Museum of Local History Archive. It’s worth noting that James would have known about Lucy’s “good government” in the classroom, as she taught his children from his first wife! (Ruth Mays, “Letter from Miss Ruth Mays, Dallas, Texas, 7/24/46,” The Shinn National Journal, no. 13 (quarter 1946)). ↩


18. “The Red Bluff Teacher,” Petaluma Weekly Argus, January 7, 1876, sec. Educational, California Digital Newspaper Collection. ↩


20. “Section 1860—No School District is entitled to receive any apportionment of State or County School Moneys unless the teachers employed in the schools of such districts hold legal certificates of fitness for teaching, in full force and effect”; “That School Bill.” ↩

21. The Weekly Colusa Sun estimated that, if the “the expense of the Legislature is not less than $2,000 a day, [that means] it will cost the State not less than $1,000 to permit the Trustees of Red Bluff School District to hire a teacher who could not get a second grade certificate on examination!”; “That Red Bluff Teacher,” Weekly Colusa Sun, December 25, 1875, California Digital Newspaper Collection. ↩

22. And maybe constituents as well, if we can believe the Tehama Tocsin:
“A gentleman from Red Bluff, says the Sacramento Bee, came in on Saturday to compliment the Bee on its article of Friday, objecting to the Legislature issuing a certificate to a Tehama school teacher, and he assured us that he does not believe that there is a man in Red Bluff or in the county of Tehama, save the teacher himself, in favor of this legislation. And further tells us, that said teacher tried before the last county Board for a third grade certificate and failed!” 
        —“That Certificate,” Tehama Tocsin, December 23, 1875, California Digital Newspaper Collection. ↩

23.  “Senator Lewis’ Special Bill,” Tehama Tocsin, December 23, 1875, California Digital Newspaper Collection; “California Legislature. Twenty-First Session,” Sacramento Daily Union, December 15, 1875, California Digital Newspaper Collection; “Assembly,” Sacramento Daily Union, December 21, 1875, California Digital Newspaper Collection; “Chap. III.—An Act to Authorize the Superintendent of Public Schools for the County of Tehama to Apportion Certain School Moneys, and to Draw His Warrant for the Same,” in The Statutes of California Passed at the Twenty-First Session of the Legislature, 1875-6, Began on Monday, December Sixth, Eighteen Hundred and Seventy-Five, and Ended on Monday, April Third, Eighteen Hundred and Seventy-Six (Sacramento, CA: State Printing Office, 1876), 1–2. ↩

24. “School Report,” Sentinel (Red Bluff), October 16, 1875, sec. Town and County, California Digital Newspaper Collection; “Department of Public Instruction,” The California Teacher: A Journal of School and Home Education and Official Organ of the Department of Public Instruction 12, no. 2 (August 1874): 67. ↩




28. “Closed,” Sentinel, April 29, 1876, California Digital Newspaper Collection. ↩

29. “Closed.” “Hoodlum” at that time referred primarily to young men who “drink, gamble, steal, run after lewd women, and set buildings on fire. One of his chief diversions, when he is in a more pleasant mood, is stoning Chinamen. This he has reduced to a science." Samuel Williams, The City of the Golden Gate: A Description of San Francisco in 1875 (San Francisco, CA: Book Club of California, 1921). The 1870s was a period of increasing anti-immigrant sentiment and unrest in California, especially against Chinese workers. Labor leaders like Denis Kearney of the Workingmen’s Party demonized Chinese immigrants and blamed them for low wages. This hatred was eventually codified into law with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. ↩

30. Lucy Clark Shinn to Milicent Washburn Shinn, October 11, 1875, Shinn House Archive; Edward Rowland Sill to Milicent Washburn Shinn, October 8, 1875, Edward Rowland Sill Letters, 1862-1937, Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley. ↩

31. Edward Rowland Sill to Milicent Washburn Shinn, January 24, 1876, Edward Rowland Sill Letters, 1862-1937, Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley. ↩


33. Perhaps, for example, her short story published in the May 1881 issue of the Californian, “The Teachers at Farwell”? The Californian later became the Overland Monthly, and Millie would end up serving as chief editor of the literary magazine for over ten years; Edward Rowland Sill to Milicent Washburn Shinn, October 10, 1875, Edward Rowland Sill Letters, 1862-1937, Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley. ↩

34. “Washington Township,” Oakland Tribune, August 6, 1881, California Digital Newspaper Collection. ↩

35. The Shinn House archives contain a contract dated August 11, 1882, written on a small sheet of lined notepad paper, which details the transfer of the “right, title and interest in the 'Overland Monthly,'” from its current manager, John H. Carmany, to a then-24-year-old Millie, for $1. [This letter is in the process of being digitized and will be hosted on CaliforniaRevealed.org and Archive.org in the near future.] ↩

36. Shinn to Shinn, October 21, 1875. ↩

37. Ritesh, “Recurring Motifs in Calvin & Hobbes – Building Character,” Lined With Gold (blog), October 8, 2011. ↩

38. 
🎼 And it goes on and on my friends 🎶
(PBS, Lamb Chop's Play-Along, 1992-1995) ↩

References 

Alameda County Independent. “A Schoolboy Being Asked by the Teacher...” July 10, 1875. UC Berkeley Library.

“Anna Head.” In Oakland LocalWiki, May 4, 2023. https://localwiki.org/oakland/Anna_Head.

Canadian Broadcasting Company. Awkward Oh No GIF (David from Schitt’s Creek). Accessed May 8, 2023.

Carr, Ezra S. “Sixth Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of California, for the School Years 1874 and 1875.” Sacramento, CA: Department of Education, 1875. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000061846.

“Chap. III.—An Act to Authorize the Superintendent of Public Schools for the County of Tehama to Apportion Certain School Moneys, and to Draw His Warrant for the Same.” In The Statutes of California Passed at the Twenty-First Session of the Legislature, 1875-6, Began on Monday, December Sixth, Eighteen Hundred and Seventy-Five, and Ended on Monday, April Third, Eighteen Hundred and Seventy-Six, 1–2. Sacramento, CA: State Printing Office, 1876. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/California1875-76Chapters.pdf.

“Chinese Exclusion Act.” In Wikipedia, May 6, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Exclusion_Act.

Freeman, Laurie A. “Every Young Lady Should Be Fitted to Do Something in Life: Pioneer Coed Josephine Lindley and the Decision to Admit ‘Young Ladies,’” 2020. https://150w.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/pioneer_coed_josephine_lindley_and_the_decision_to_admit_young_ladies_-_laurie_freeman.pdf.

“Hayward, California.” In Wikipedia, March 29, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayward,_California.

“Head-Royce School.” In Wikipedia, February 28, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head-Royce_School.

“Jobbery.” In Merriam-Webster. Accessed May 8, 2023. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jobbery.

Mays, Ruth Shinn. “Letter from Miss Ruth Mays, Dallas, Texas, 7/24/46.” The Shinn National Journal, no. 13 (quarter 1946).

“Normal School.” In Wikipedia, April 26, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Normal_school.

Oakland Daily Transcript. “A Literary Jubilee.” May 30, 1874. San Francisco Chronicle Historical Archive. 

Oakland Tribune. “Fortune’s Favors. The Young Ladies to Whom Teachers’ Certificates Have Been Awarded.” September 14, 1875. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT18750914.1.3.

Oakland Tribune. “Washington Township.” August 6, 1881. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT18810806.1.3.

Petaluma Weekly Argus. “The Red Bluff Teacher.” January 7, 1876, sec. Educational. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=PEWA18760107.1.4.

Portrait of Milicent W. Shinn. c. 1870s-1880s. College Album. Shinn House Archive.

Public Broadcasting System. The Song That Doesn’t End Gif (from Lamb Chop's Play-Along, 1992-1995). Accessed May 12, 2023.

Red Bluff Public School. ca 1890. Meriam Library. CSU Chico Digital Collections. http://archives.csuchico.edu/digital/collection/coll11/id/11264/rec/9.

Ritesh. “Recurring Motifs in Calvin & Hobbes – Building Character.” Lined With Gold (blog), October 8, 2011. https://riteshjsr.wordpress.com/2011/10/08/recurring-motifs-in-calvin-and-hobbes-building-character/.

Sacramento Daily Union. “Assembly.” December 21, 1875. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18751221.2.3.

Sacramento Daily Union. “California Legislature. Twenty-First Session.” December 15, 1875. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18751215.2.2.

San Francisco Chronicle. “University Matters.” July 27, 1874, sec. Across the Bay. San Francisco Chronicle Historical Archive.

School House Rock. I’m Just a Bill. 1976. https://schoolhouserock.fandom.com/wiki/I%27m_Just_a_Bill.

Sentinel (Red Bluff). “Brief Items.” August 21, 1875. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=RBS18750821.2.16.

Sentinel (Red Bluff). “Closed.” April 29, 1876. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=RBS18760429.2.15.

Sentinel (Red Bluff). “That School Bill.” January 1, 1876. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=RBS18760101.2.8.

Shinn, James. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, October 21, 1875. Washington Township Museum of Local History Archive.

Shinn, James, and Joseph W. Clark. Shinn’s Nurseries. 1878-1879. Accessed May 8, 2023. http://archive.org/details/ShinnNurseries.

Shinn, Lucy Clark. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, Fall 1875. Shinn House Archive. https://archive.org/details/cafrmph_000050.

———. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, Fall 1875. Shinn House Archive. https://archive.org/details/cafrmph_000002.

———. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, May 1875. Shinn House Archive. https://archive.org/details/cafrmph_000061.

———. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, October 11, 1875. Shinn House Archive. https://archive.org/details/cafrmph_000068.

Shinn, Milicent Washburn. “The Shinn Nursery Company,” February 14, 1936. Washington Township Museum of Local History Archive. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vNXa7NJns18rCk989hSjy18iIy-oPl_H?usp=share_link.

Shinn, Milicent Washburn. “The Teachers at Farwell.” The Californian 3 (May 1881): 434–40. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnwt5d&view=1up&seq=458&q1=farwell.

Sill, Edward Rowland. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, September 18, 1875. Edward Rowland Sill Letters, 1862-1937. Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley.

———. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, September 26, 1875. Autograph letters of Edward Rowland Sill, 1862-1937. Box 1:1 Vol. 1, Sect. 2, Part 1-2. Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley.

———. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, October 8, 1875. Autograph letters of Edward Rowland Sill, 1862-1937. Box 1:1 Vol. 1, Sect. 2, Part 1-2. Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley.

———. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, October 10, 1875. Autograph letters of Edward Rowland Sill, 1862-1937. Box 1:1 Vol. 1, Sect. 2, Part 1-2. Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley.

———. Letter to Milicent Washburn Shinn, January 24, 1876. Autograph letters of Edward Rowland Sill, 1862-1937. Box 1:1 Vol. 1, Sect. 2, Part 1-2. Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley.

“Statistical Summaries.” The California Teacher: A Journal of School and Home Education and Official Organ of the Department of Public Instruction 14, no. 4 (October 1875): 95–100. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3040402&view=1up&seq=155

Tehama Tocsin. “Senator Lewis’ Special Bill.” December 23, 1875. California Digital Newspaper Collection. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=RBT18751223.2.13.

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